Reflective Practice in Teaching Essay - 2957 Words

Reflective Practice in the context of teaching ESOL Reflective practice engages practitioners in a continuous cycle of self-observation and self-evaluation in order to understand their own actions and the reactions they prompt in themselves and in learners (Brookfield, 1995; Thiel, 1999). Reflective practice is considered as an evolving concept which views learning as â€Å"an active process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice.† (Reid, B 1993 cited in Garfat, T. 2005). In my opinion, implementing reflective practice approach to professional development in order to expand our knowledge is a challenge. This challenge involves teacher’s ability to â€Å"reflect on†¦show more content†¦By talking to colleagues about what happened in the classroom, not only may we find solutions to problems but also share and broaden our teaching experience. (Brookfield, 1995; p.31-36). 2. The Reflective Cycle by Gibbs (1988) Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, and analysis to make sense of the experience to examine what you would do if the situation arose again. This straightforward and therefore useful cycle appeals to me in several aspects. An incident is identified and thought about to provide a description of what happened. The abstract aspects of the situation - the emotional dimension - are taken into account and reflected upon. This has to be done because if I can stand back from what happened and identify how I felt then those feelings can be evaluated. In the light of reflection I could see how perhaps extremes of emotion affected my outlook and thus actions. Was there anything positive that could be carried forward into the future or negative that needs to be addressed? Is it possible to find the cause of these positive and negative aspects that I might examine later? This analysis allows me to break down the incident into smaller parts that made up the situation. The question I ask myself is: What were the issues, key factors and influences and how did they combine to bring about the incident? Once I have this deeper unde rstanding drawnShow MoreRelatedReflective Practice At The Assistant Nurse Agency ( Mvna )1720 Words   |  7 Pages Reflective practice is the constant process of reflecting and analyzing your actions, as the nurse, to adapt to the situation in order to address the patient’s specific needs (Oelofsen, 2012). This concept is grounded in the work of many health care professionals as they reflect upon their experiences to improve the care delivered to patients. It is essential that all nurses have knowledge about reflective practice to provide quality care. This teaching plan aims towards providing the knowledgeRead MoreThe Responsibilities Of A Lifelong Learning Professional1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe responsibilities of a lifelong learning professional involve ‘doing a proper job’, according to this in my teaching practice, I have to treat my learners fairly with equal respect (equality and diversity), giving learners the opportunity to participate on equal terms and with an equal expectation of success (equality), involving and engaging all learners in relevant activities, a cknowledging and celebrating the diversity in a group of learners (differentiation), planning to meet the needs andRead MoreReflective Practice in the Classroom1629 Words   |  7 PagesReflective practice – A tool for learning Introduction/Rationale When something goes wrong or something unexpected happens during a lesson or activity, we ask ourselves questions such as, could I have done something to avoid it? These experiences usually make us grow and we learn from experience, and we will be better prepared to face the situation if it happened again. This introspection is generally called â€Å"reflection†, and all professionals have adopted it in order to improve their practiceRead MoreReflective Reflection On Reflective Practice1332 Words   |  6 Pages Reflective Practice in Special Education Using Action Research Sunny Suzanne West St. Joseph’s University Course Title â€Æ' Abstract: Reflective Practices in Special Education Using Action Research Title and Link to Study: Promoting Reflective Practices in Special Education through Action Research: Recommendations from Pre-service Teachers; Paula Wenner Conroy http://journals.library.wisc.edu/index.php/networks Research Problem and Purpose of the Study: What is reflectiveRead MoreReflection On Reflective Teaching1502 Words   |  7 PagesTo truly reflect on one’s own teaching, to collect information on what you do in the classroom and to think about why you do it, is not always an easy task or something that comes natural to all people. The process involves self-observation and self-evaluation, which at times can be very difficult to do and can be difficult to do correctly. However, if a teacher will take the time to continually practice reflective teaching, the teacher will be able to identify underlying beliefs, which can thenRead MoreWhat Effective Practice Really Means1690 Words   |  7 Pagesreflecting upon their practice. No person every stops learning, so no matter how long someone has been teaching, time must be given to reflect upon their practice so that they can continue to improve each day in order to become a truly effective practitioner. In order to answer this question fully we must first have a clear understanding of what effective practice really means. As stated in the GTCNI Introduction â€Å"Successful teachers are those who not only reflect on classroom practice but are also concernedRead MoreThe Activity Of Doing Action Research Among Iranian Teachers1540 Words   |  7 Pages or participating in discussion workshops, interviewing with professional teachers, since reflection is an unfamiliar terminology among Iranian learners and teachers which has not been practically used yet. Thus, they can gain the best possible reflective and successful as well as practical and effective outcome. Teachers on the other hand have the responsibility of helping the students which could guide them to become better, autonomous learners through different procedures and ways of reflectionRead Morecomparing relevant theories principles and models of reflective practice965 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Comparing relevant theories, principles and models of reflective practice In this evaluation I will analyse and compare relevant theories, principles and models of reflective practice and explain how they relate to my practice and development. Reflective practice is an evolving concept. In the 1930s, John Dewey defined reflective thought as: ‘Active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the furtherRead MoreReflective Practices and Health Care Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, reflection and reflective practice have become well-known term with in the health care arena. They are words that have been debated and discussed with in the health care setting (Tony and Sue 2006). Reflective practice is essential for nurses, as nurses are responsible for providing care to the best of their ability to patients and their families (NMC, 2008). Reid (1993) states reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluateRead MoreReflection Of The Confucius A Chinese Philosopher s Saying Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Practice I would like to start my essay by sharing the Confucius a Chinese philosopher’s saying: By three methods we may learn wisdom: first, by reflection, which is noblest; second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest. Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC) Chinese Philosopher Definition of Reflective Practice: This practice is one of the oldest theory that experienced by ancient Greeks over 2500 years ago as a concept of intention in exploration of truth

Reflective Practice in Teaching Essay - 2957 Words

Reflective Practice in the context of teaching ESOL Reflective practice engages practitioners in a continuous cycle of self-observation and self-evaluation in order to understand their own actions and the reactions they prompt in themselves and in learners (Brookfield, 1995; Thiel, 1999). Reflective practice is considered as an evolving concept which views learning as â€Å"an active process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice.† (Reid, B 1993 cited in Garfat, T. 2005). In my opinion, implementing reflective practice approach to professional development in order to expand our knowledge is a challenge. This challenge involves teacher’s ability to â€Å"reflect on†¦show more content†¦By talking to colleagues about what happened in the classroom, not only may we find solutions to problems but also share and broaden our teaching experience. (Brookfield, 1995; p.31-36). 2. The Reflective Cycle by Gibbs (1988) Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, and analysis to make sense of the experience to examine what you would do if the situation arose again. This straightforward and therefore useful cycle appeals to me in several aspects. An incident is identified and thought about to provide a description of what happened. The abstract aspects of the situation - the emotional dimension - are taken into account and reflected upon. This has to be done because if I can stand back from what happened and identify how I felt then those feelings can be evaluated. In the light of reflection I could see how perhaps extremes of emotion affected my outlook and thus actions. Was there anything positive that could be carried forward into the future or negative that needs to be addressed? Is it possible to find the cause of these positive and negative aspects that I might examine later? This analysis allows me to break down the incident into smaller parts that made up the situation. The question I ask myself is: What were the issues, key factors and influences and how did they combine to bring about the incident? Once I have this deeper unde rstanding drawnShow MoreRelatedReflective Practice At The Assistant Nurse Agency ( Mvna )1720 Words   |  7 Pages Reflective practice is the constant process of reflecting and analyzing your actions, as the nurse, to adapt to the situation in order to address the patient’s specific needs (Oelofsen, 2012). This concept is grounded in the work of many health care professionals as they reflect upon their experiences to improve the care delivered to patients. It is essential that all nurses have knowledge about reflective practice to provide quality care. This teaching plan aims towards providing the knowledgeRead MoreThe Responsibilities Of A Lifelong Learning Professional1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe responsibilities of a lifelong learning professional involve ‘doing a proper job’, according to this in my teaching practice, I have to treat my learners fairly with equal respect (equality and diversity), giving learners the opportunity to participate on equal terms and with an equal expectation of success (equality), involving and engaging all learners in relevant activities, a cknowledging and celebrating the diversity in a group of learners (differentiation), planning to meet the needs andRead MoreReflective Practice in the Classroom1629 Words   |  7 PagesReflective practice – A tool for learning Introduction/Rationale When something goes wrong or something unexpected happens during a lesson or activity, we ask ourselves questions such as, could I have done something to avoid it? These experiences usually make us grow and we learn from experience, and we will be better prepared to face the situation if it happened again. This introspection is generally called â€Å"reflection†, and all professionals have adopted it in order to improve their practiceRead MoreReflective Reflection On Reflective Practice1332 Words   |  6 Pages Reflective Practice in Special Education Using Action Research Sunny Suzanne West St. Joseph’s University Course Title â€Æ' Abstract: Reflective Practices in Special Education Using Action Research Title and Link to Study: Promoting Reflective Practices in Special Education through Action Research: Recommendations from Pre-service Teachers; Paula Wenner Conroy http://journals.library.wisc.edu/index.php/networks Research Problem and Purpose of the Study: What is reflectiveRead MoreReflection On Reflective Teaching1502 Words   |  7 PagesTo truly reflect on one’s own teaching, to collect information on what you do in the classroom and to think about why you do it, is not always an easy task or something that comes natural to all people. The process involves self-observation and self-evaluation, which at times can be very difficult to do and can be difficult to do correctly. However, if a teacher will take the time to continually practice reflective teaching, the teacher will be able to identify underlying beliefs, which can thenRead MoreWhat Effective Practice Really Means1690 Words   |  7 Pagesreflecting upon their practice. No person every stops learning, so no matter how long someone has been teaching, time must be given to reflect upon their practice so that they can continue to improve each day in order to become a truly effective practitioner. In order to answer this question fully we must first have a clear understanding of what effective practice really means. As stated in the GTCNI Introduction â€Å"Successful teachers are those who not only reflect on classroom practice but are also concernedRead MoreThe Activity Of Doing Action Research Among Iranian Teachers1540 Words   |  7 Pages or participating in discussion workshops, interviewing with professional teachers, since reflection is an unfamiliar terminology among Iranian learners and teachers which has not been practically used yet. Thus, they can gain the best possible reflective and successful as well as practical and effective outcome. Teachers on the other hand have the responsibility of helping the students which could guide them to become better, autonomous learners through different procedures and ways of reflectionRead Morecomparing relevant theories principles and models of reflective practice965 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Comparing relevant theories, principles and models of reflective practice In this evaluation I will analyse and compare relevant theories, principles and models of reflective practice and explain how they relate to my practice and development. Reflective practice is an evolving concept. In the 1930s, John Dewey defined reflective thought as: ‘Active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the furtherRead MoreReflective Practices and Health Care Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, reflection and reflective practice have become well-known term with in the health care arena. They are words that have been debated and discussed with in the health care setting (Tony and Sue 2006). Reflective practice is essential for nurses, as nurses are responsible for providing care to the best of their ability to patients and their families (NMC, 2008). Reid (1993) states reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluateRead MoreReflection Of The Confucius A Chinese Philosopher s Saying Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Practice I would like to start my essay by sharing the Confucius a Chinese philosopher’s saying: By three methods we may learn wisdom: first, by reflection, which is noblest; second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest. Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC) Chinese Philosopher Definition of Reflective Practice: This practice is one of the oldest theory that experienced by ancient Greeks over 2500 years ago as a concept of intention in exploration of truth

Reflective Practice in Teaching Essay - 2957 Words

Reflective Practice in the context of teaching ESOL Reflective practice engages practitioners in a continuous cycle of self-observation and self-evaluation in order to understand their own actions and the reactions they prompt in themselves and in learners (Brookfield, 1995; Thiel, 1999). Reflective practice is considered as an evolving concept which views learning as â€Å"an active process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice.† (Reid, B 1993 cited in Garfat, T. 2005). In my opinion, implementing reflective practice approach to professional development in order to expand our knowledge is a challenge. This challenge involves teacher’s ability to â€Å"reflect on†¦show more content†¦By talking to colleagues about what happened in the classroom, not only may we find solutions to problems but also share and broaden our teaching experience. (Brookfield, 1995; p.31-36). 2. The Reflective Cycle by Gibbs (1988) Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, and analysis to make sense of the experience to examine what you would do if the situation arose again. This straightforward and therefore useful cycle appeals to me in several aspects. An incident is identified and thought about to provide a description of what happened. The abstract aspects of the situation - the emotional dimension - are taken into account and reflected upon. This has to be done because if I can stand back from what happened and identify how I felt then those feelings can be evaluated. In the light of reflection I could see how perhaps extremes of emotion affected my outlook and thus actions. Was there anything positive that could be carried forward into the future or negative that needs to be addressed? Is it possible to find the cause of these positive and negative aspects that I might examine later? This analysis allows me to break down the incident into smaller parts that made up the situation. The question I ask myself is: What were the issues, key factors and influences and how did they combine to bring about the incident? Once I have this deeper unde rstanding drawnShow MoreRelatedReflective Practice At The Assistant Nurse Agency ( Mvna )1720 Words   |  7 Pages Reflective practice is the constant process of reflecting and analyzing your actions, as the nurse, to adapt to the situation in order to address the patient’s specific needs (Oelofsen, 2012). This concept is grounded in the work of many health care professionals as they reflect upon their experiences to improve the care delivered to patients. It is essential that all nurses have knowledge about reflective practice to provide quality care. This teaching plan aims towards providing the knowledgeRead MoreThe Responsibilities Of A Lifelong Learning Professional1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe responsibilities of a lifelong learning professional involve ‘doing a proper job’, according to this in my teaching practice, I have to treat my learners fairly with equal respect (equality and diversity), giving learners the opportunity to participate on equal terms and with an equal expectation of success (equality), involving and engaging all learners in relevant activities, a cknowledging and celebrating the diversity in a group of learners (differentiation), planning to meet the needs andRead MoreReflective Practice in the Classroom1629 Words   |  7 PagesReflective practice – A tool for learning Introduction/Rationale When something goes wrong or something unexpected happens during a lesson or activity, we ask ourselves questions such as, could I have done something to avoid it? These experiences usually make us grow and we learn from experience, and we will be better prepared to face the situation if it happened again. This introspection is generally called â€Å"reflection†, and all professionals have adopted it in order to improve their practiceRead MoreReflective Reflection On Reflective Practice1332 Words   |  6 Pages Reflective Practice in Special Education Using Action Research Sunny Suzanne West St. Joseph’s University Course Title â€Æ' Abstract: Reflective Practices in Special Education Using Action Research Title and Link to Study: Promoting Reflective Practices in Special Education through Action Research: Recommendations from Pre-service Teachers; Paula Wenner Conroy http://journals.library.wisc.edu/index.php/networks Research Problem and Purpose of the Study: What is reflectiveRead MoreReflection On Reflective Teaching1502 Words   |  7 PagesTo truly reflect on one’s own teaching, to collect information on what you do in the classroom and to think about why you do it, is not always an easy task or something that comes natural to all people. The process involves self-observation and self-evaluation, which at times can be very difficult to do and can be difficult to do correctly. However, if a teacher will take the time to continually practice reflective teaching, the teacher will be able to identify underlying beliefs, which can thenRead MoreWhat Effective Practice Really Means1690 Words   |  7 Pagesreflecting upon their practice. No person every stops learning, so no matter how long someone has been teaching, time must be given to reflect upon their practice so that they can continue to improve each day in order to become a truly effective practitioner. In order to answer this question fully we must first have a clear understanding of what effective practice really means. As stated in the GTCNI Introduction â€Å"Successful teachers are those who not only reflect on classroom practice but are also concernedRead MoreThe Activity Of Doing Action Research Among Iranian Teachers1540 Words   |  7 Pages or participating in discussion workshops, interviewing with professional teachers, since reflection is an unfamiliar terminology among Iranian learners and teachers which has not been practically used yet. Thus, they can gain the best possible reflective and successful as well as practical and effective outcome. Teachers on the other hand have the responsibility of helping the students which could guide them to become better, autonomous learners through different procedures and ways of reflectionRead Morecomparing relevant theories principles and models of reflective practice965 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Comparing relevant theories, principles and models of reflective practice In this evaluation I will analyse and compare relevant theories, principles and models of reflective practice and explain how they relate to my practice and development. Reflective practice is an evolving concept. In the 1930s, John Dewey defined reflective thought as: ‘Active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the furtherRead MoreReflective Practices and Health Care Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, reflection and reflective practice have become well-known term with in the health care arena. They are words that have been debated and discussed with in the health care setting (Tony and Sue 2006). Reflective practice is essential for nurses, as nurses are responsible for providing care to the best of their ability to patients and their families (NMC, 2008). Reid (1993) states reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluateRead MoreReflection Of The Confucius A Chinese Philosopher s Saying Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Practice I would like to start my essay by sharing the Confucius a Chinese philosopher’s saying: By three methods we may learn wisdom: first, by reflection, which is noblest; second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest. Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC) Chinese Philosopher Definition of Reflective Practice: This practice is one of the oldest theory that experienced by ancient Greeks over 2500 years ago as a concept of intention in exploration of truth

Reflective Practice in Teaching Essay - 2957 Words

Reflective Practice in the context of teaching ESOL Reflective practice engages practitioners in a continuous cycle of self-observation and self-evaluation in order to understand their own actions and the reactions they prompt in themselves and in learners (Brookfield, 1995; Thiel, 1999). Reflective practice is considered as an evolving concept which views learning as â€Å"an active process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice.† (Reid, B 1993 cited in Garfat, T. 2005). In my opinion, implementing reflective practice approach to professional development in order to expand our knowledge is a challenge. This challenge involves teacher’s ability to â€Å"reflect on†¦show more content†¦By talking to colleagues about what happened in the classroom, not only may we find solutions to problems but also share and broaden our teaching experience. (Brookfield, 1995; p.31-36). 2. The Reflective Cycle by Gibbs (1988) Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, and analysis to make sense of the experience to examine what you would do if the situation arose again. This straightforward and therefore useful cycle appeals to me in several aspects. An incident is identified and thought about to provide a description of what happened. The abstract aspects of the situation - the emotional dimension - are taken into account and reflected upon. This has to be done because if I can stand back from what happened and identify how I felt then those feelings can be evaluated. In the light of reflection I could see how perhaps extremes of emotion affected my outlook and thus actions. Was there anything positive that could be carried forward into the future or negative that needs to be addressed? Is it possible to find the cause of these positive and negative aspects that I might examine later? This analysis allows me to break down the incident into smaller parts that made up the situation. The question I ask myself is: What were the issues, key factors and influences and how did they combine to bring about the incident? Once I have this deeper unde rstanding drawnShow MoreRelatedReflective Practice At The Assistant Nurse Agency ( Mvna )1720 Words   |  7 Pages Reflective practice is the constant process of reflecting and analyzing your actions, as the nurse, to adapt to the situation in order to address the patient’s specific needs (Oelofsen, 2012). This concept is grounded in the work of many health care professionals as they reflect upon their experiences to improve the care delivered to patients. It is essential that all nurses have knowledge about reflective practice to provide quality care. This teaching plan aims towards providing the knowledgeRead MoreThe Responsibilities Of A Lifelong Learning Professional1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe responsibilities of a lifelong learning professional involve ‘doing a proper job’, according to this in my teaching practice, I have to treat my learners fairly with equal respect (equality and diversity), giving learners the opportunity to participate on equal terms and with an equal expectation of success (equality), involving and engaging all learners in relevant activities, a cknowledging and celebrating the diversity in a group of learners (differentiation), planning to meet the needs andRead MoreReflective Practice in the Classroom1629 Words   |  7 PagesReflective practice – A tool for learning Introduction/Rationale When something goes wrong or something unexpected happens during a lesson or activity, we ask ourselves questions such as, could I have done something to avoid it? These experiences usually make us grow and we learn from experience, and we will be better prepared to face the situation if it happened again. This introspection is generally called â€Å"reflection†, and all professionals have adopted it in order to improve their practiceRead MoreReflective Reflection On Reflective Practice1332 Words   |  6 Pages Reflective Practice in Special Education Using Action Research Sunny Suzanne West St. Joseph’s University Course Title â€Æ' Abstract: Reflective Practices in Special Education Using Action Research Title and Link to Study: Promoting Reflective Practices in Special Education through Action Research: Recommendations from Pre-service Teachers; Paula Wenner Conroy http://journals.library.wisc.edu/index.php/networks Research Problem and Purpose of the Study: What is reflectiveRead MoreReflection On Reflective Teaching1502 Words   |  7 PagesTo truly reflect on one’s own teaching, to collect information on what you do in the classroom and to think about why you do it, is not always an easy task or something that comes natural to all people. The process involves self-observation and self-evaluation, which at times can be very difficult to do and can be difficult to do correctly. However, if a teacher will take the time to continually practice reflective teaching, the teacher will be able to identify underlying beliefs, which can thenRead MoreWhat Effective Practice Really Means1690 Words   |  7 Pagesreflecting upon their practice. No person every stops learning, so no matter how long someone has been teaching, time must be given to reflect upon their practice so that they can continue to improve each day in order to become a truly effective practitioner. In order to answer this question fully we must first have a clear understanding of what effective practice really means. As stated in the GTCNI Introduction â€Å"Successful teachers are those who not only reflect on classroom practice but are also concernedRead MoreThe Activity Of Doing Action Research Among Iranian Teachers1540 Words   |  7 Pages or participating in discussion workshops, interviewing with professional teachers, since reflection is an unfamiliar terminology among Iranian learners and teachers which has not been practically used yet. Thus, they can gain the best possible reflective and successful as well as practical and effective outcome. Teachers on the other hand have the responsibility of helping the students which could guide them to become better, autonomous learners through different procedures and ways of reflectionRead Morecomparing relevant theories principles and models of reflective practice965 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Comparing relevant theories, principles and models of reflective practice In this evaluation I will analyse and compare relevant theories, principles and models of reflective practice and explain how they relate to my practice and development. Reflective practice is an evolving concept. In the 1930s, John Dewey defined reflective thought as: ‘Active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the furtherRead MoreReflective Practices and Health Care Essay1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, reflection and reflective practice have become well-known term with in the health care arena. They are words that have been debated and discussed with in the health care setting (Tony and Sue 2006). Reflective practice is essential for nurses, as nurses are responsible for providing care to the best of their ability to patients and their families (NMC, 2008). Reid (1993) states reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluateRead MoreReflection Of The Confucius A Chinese Philosopher s Saying Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Practice I would like to start my essay by sharing the Confucius a Chinese philosopher’s saying: By three methods we may learn wisdom: first, by reflection, which is noblest; second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest. Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC) Chinese Philosopher Definition of Reflective Practice: This practice is one of the oldest theory that experienced by ancient Greeks over 2500 years ago as a concept of intention in exploration of truth

The Burden in The Things They Carried by OBrien Essay

The Burden in The Things They Carried by OBrien In The Things They Carried, OBrien made reference to the Vietnam war that was closely associated with the physical, psychological, and emotional weight the soldiers beared. The overall method of presentation of this story incorporated many different outlooks on the things the soldiers carried, dealt with, and were forced to adapt to. In addition to this, OBrien showed us the many reasons why and how the soldiers posessed these things individually and collectively and how they were associated directly and indirectly. The strong historical content in The Things They Carried helped emphasize the focus of the story and establish a clearer understanding of details in the†¦show more content†¦Vietnam made a big portion of history also through its use of slang and war specified language. This language came about through many means including its adaption to the Vietnamese language, coded words, phrases, profanity and initials that represent war objects, and other means, and to r epresent or even hide their emotional stand points. On page 19, OBrien describes the young soldiers as actors. They were afraid of dying but they were even more afraid to show it. On page 12, Lieutenant describes his feelings for Martha as dense, crushing love. He then explains how he wants to sleep inside her lungs, breathe her blood, amd be smothered. This sounds like extremely harsh description for love. However, the soldiers environment became the most they could relate to. For example, to describe the death of a soldier, theyd used phrases such as Boom. Down. Like Cement, or flat fuck fell. OBrien explains how the soldiers would make conscious efforts to joke about things and make comical references to have themselves laugh. Page 19 describes that they used a hard vocabulary to contain the terrible softness. At the end of page 18 and beginning of page 19, we find that the men would now and then panic and have the desire to cry out for the misery to stop. Theyd make u nguaranteed promises to God and their parents in hope that that would be their source of survival. On page 11 OBrien tells that the Imagination was aShow MoreRelatedRemembrance is a Substantial Burden in the Book, The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien614 Words   |  2 Pages Remembrance; the mental impression on the brain from a certain event. Each soldier in the book, The Things They Carried, experiences some sort of remembrance whether it be saddening or enlightening. Remembrance is consistently perceived as the ability our brains have to go back and revisit moments in time which either disturb us, or give to us a feeling of pure happiness. Its mere sound provokes thought along with curiosity. Generally, when we are alone, surrounded by a nonchalant atmosphere, ourRead MoreThe Things They Carried Questions1139 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Things They Carried† Questions a) The main topic of this novel is burdens. O’Brien is writing about what burdens the soldiers and he had to carry throughout war, physically and emotionally. One way I know is because of the title- â€Å"The Things They Carried.† This title almost summarizes the whole book. O’Brien frequently showed and explained the burdens that were inner conflicts of his and outer conflicts too. In the chapter â€Å"The things They Carried,† O’Brien showed an emotional burdenRead MoreHeroism In Tim OBriens The Things They Carried1684 Words   |  7 Pagesis far from the reality that is war. A more realistic rendition of war is seen in Tim O’Brien’s short story, The Things They Carried. Throughout the story, O’Brien uses metafictional characters to portray the physical and emotional burdens carried by American soldiers who were forced to conform to societal expectations upon being drafted for the Vietnam War. The literary elements Oâ⠂¬â„¢Brien uses throughout the story to convey this theme are symbolism, imagery, tone, and inner conflict of the protagonistRead MoreTim OBriens Captivating and Life-Changing Story The Things They Carried632 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"The Things They Carried† is a short verisimilitude story. It was written by Tim O’Brien, who is a Vietnam veteran. He never dreamed it would have been such a captivating and life changing story that it has become. Tim O’Brien introduces us to life during the Vietnam War. He captures the feelings of each soldier as they were in the battle field. We are involved in their dreams, fears, and the ghosts that haunted them. These were some of the things they carried. â€Å"First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross carriedRead MoreAn Inside Look At A Soldiers Life in the Vietnam War Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pagesdeaths. From the beginning of the story, O’Brien the author of â€Å"The Things They Carried† uses specific details and illustrations to show readers what the experience was like for the men during the Vietnam war. Among the many things that the men carry were guilt, fear, grief, and stress. Throughout the story O’Brien emphasizes the dreadful events that these men carry with them by incorporating the use of multiple themes such as: the emotional and physical burdens, fear, psychological well being and theRead MoreSummary Of The Things They Carried 915 Words   |  4 Pagesthe story, The Things They Carried, Lieutenant Jimmy Cross is a man who is in two forms of war, one that is in Vietnam, and one that is mental. Lieutenant Cross carried many things while in war. Lieutenant Cross did not just carry equipment, he also  "carried the common secret of cowardice barley restrained, the instinct to run or freeze or hide, and in many respects this was the heaviest burden of all, for it could never be put down, it required perfect balance and posture† (O’Brien, 1198). ThroughoutRead MoreOverview: The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien1510 Words   |  7 Pages The Things They Carried is a novel written by Vietnam Veteran Tim O’Brien. The Vietnam War took place between 1955 and 1975. Most of the soldiers fighting were young teenage men around the age of eighteen and nineteen years old. Like O’Brien many of these young men were pulled away from their families and life to fight a war they didn’t approve of or even know about. This had a strong affect on most of these men and O’Brien uses different ways to show how the Vietnam War affected them both physicallyRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien917 Words   |  4 PagesThe Things They Carried is an autobi ographical novel written by Tim O’Brien that details his time as a soldier in the Vietnam War. Considered to be â€Å"the best work of fiction ever written about Vietnam, some even think it is the best about war,† (Greenya 1). The stories that are contained within the novel talk about themes such as loss, burdens, and the horrifying truths of the Vietnam War, the first war to take place during a more ‘modern’ era, as the tragedies of the war could be broadcasted throughRead More Tim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesTim OBriens The Things They Carried Culture teaches that men must dispense of ridiculous emotions and remain firm, following expected duties. O’Brien develops this theme of the transition from youth to manhood in his short story, â€Å"The Things They Carried.† Through the protagonist Jimmy Cross, metaphors of weight, and futile ideas of freedom, O’Brien reveals how society expects young men in transition to adulthood to let go of impractical idealism and dwell instead on the cruel reality of theRead MoreEssay On The Things They Carried1058 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The Things They Carried† provides a personal view into the minds of soldiers, and tells us the emotional and psychological costs of war. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross is stationed in Vietnam in the middle of the war. He seems to be a man in love, or more like a man in love with the idea of a lady named Martha. He ends up changing from a love struck, blind man into a firm, leading soldier. In this story, the characters do t he things they do because of desires and motivations. In â€Å"The Things

Popper Free Essays

â€Å"The greatest disease in the West today is not Tuberculosis or leprosy; it is being unwanted, unloved, and uncared for. We can cure physical diseases with medicine, but the only cure for loneliness, despair, and hopelessness is love. † This quote, spoken by Mother Teresa, describes why I aspire to be a nurse. We will write a custom essay sample on Popper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The technology and medicine we have in the world today is extremely advanced. However, this advanced technology and medicine would be worthless without the compassion and quality care given by trained nurses. I remember when my mom got the phone call that my grandfather had stopped breathing and that he only had a few hours to live. My grandparents live in Florida, however; they were driving to New York for a wedding. After they drove through the Lincoln Tunnel, my grandparents’ next direction was to make their first right. Instead, my grandfather proceeded to make the first left. My grandmother said, † No, you turned the wrong way! † My grandfather replied, † But the hospital is this way. † My mom told me that his heart had stopped. My grandfather has a long history of earth problems and has had many surgeries. He resuscitated by the Meet’s and was put into the Intensive Care Unit. My father drove my mother and aunt to New York so they could have the opportunity to see my grandfather still alive since he was not expected to live more than a few hours. With modern medicine and lots of prayer, he was able to make a full recovery. This incident made me want to learn more about how the body and the heart works. Ever since then, I’ve wanted to be a cardiovascular nurse. To me, being a nurse is far more than a Job or career. It is a continuous learning recess that I look forward to every day. I love the thought that I can wake up every day and help people. In order to be a great nurse, you must have many qualities that enable you to be a leader, an advocate, and a friend. It is a necessity to give quality care. Nurses have to have compassion. Compassion is not a single trait. Compassion means you care, you are loyal, devoted, honest, and hardworking. It means you are willing to do more for others than for yourself. Now I am in my senior year of high school and I am still working towards my dream of becoming a cardiovascular nurse. I am in the nursing program at Hartford Tech and I am currently participating in clinical at Lories Nursing Home. After I complete 40 hours of hands-on experience at Lories and pass a state skills and written test, I will become a Certified Nursing Assistant and a Geriatric Nursing Assistant. I plan on attending Hartford Community College in the fall of 2014. I hope to get into the nursing program there and receive my associates degree. After receiving my associates degree, I plan to continue on to a university and earn my masters degree. How to cite Popper, Papers

International Marketing Tactics Followed by the Perfume Shop

Question: Discusses the international marketing strategies applied by The perfume shop for achieving the expansion and the objectives, along with a brief review of the Indian perfume market scenario. Answer: 1.0 Introduction Brands and products that are created in one country are readily accepted in other countries unenthusiastically. The reason is the international marketing strategies applied by the companies for huge marketing and spreading awareness about the product among the users. One such company is The Perfume Shop. It plans to expand its business in India in association with the Indian business giants. This study discusses the international marketing strategies applied by The perfume shop for achieving the expansion and the objectives, along with a brief review of the Indian perfume market scenario. 2.0 Background of the company The Perfume Shop is a perfume retailer established in United Kingdom in 1992. In 2005 the company was acquired by the largest beauty and health retailer of the world, A.S Watson group. By 2014 it had 263 locations in the world. The distribution of the company has seen many changes over the time as the trade expanded from smaller shops to big retail giants, an finally expanding worldwide. Online trading was started in 2004 by the company, which has now expanded to fully fledged e-commerce teams. The real success was hit by The perfume shop in 2010 after it introduced shop in shop concept in Superdrug stores. The project proved to be a big hit after it was trialed in 11 stores initially. The company launched its own loyalty card scheme named reward club. The scheme was helpful in getting more information about the customers, and enabled the customization of offers accordingly. In 2012 store to door service was started making the availability of the product more customers friendly. By 2 014, The perfume shop was placed third time among the top 100 best companies to work with. Now the company is looking forward to an expansion in India, and spread its business through appropriate strategy implementation (www.theperfumeshop.com). 3.0 Proposal The Perfume shop plans to enter the Indian market through joint venture arrangements. The ventures would be with Westside, which is a retail arm of the TATA group. The retail operation of the company is via the Superdrug stores in United Kingdom. A joint venture is also planned with the E-commerce giant Myntra, which has been undertaken by Flip kart. 4.0 Perfume industry in India The estimation of the Indian fragrance industry is estimated to be of around $ 20 Billion, which constitutes to 10% of the fragrance industry worldwide, which is $ 2000 Million. The population which have potential customer base makes around 17.8% of the total count (www.fafai.org). More than 35% of the Indian population makes the young count and among them more than half of the population has got disposable income. By 2030 the expected rise in the count of working people is 75%. Indian market have got enough potential for foreign expansion to happen, as it have got immense proportions in the market that proves to be profitable in sectors like fast moving consumer goods. India is also a gateway to other developing countries, like those in East Africa and Middle East. The East Asian markets can be well accessed through India, which also a major searching ground for the suppliers. As the worlds largest democracy, India is a politically stable since it got independence in 1947. The free market model adoption by the country gave valuable returns to the companies investing there (www.ibef.org). India also offers low cost manufacturing and an outsourcing base for carrying out production or outsourcing parts and services for giving a competition in the current market. A huge pool of talented professionals and skilled as well as unskilled labor for developing a competitive edge in the market is present in India. 5.0 Literature review 5.1 Marketing mix strategy The crucial stage of any market strategy planning is the construction of the marketing mix. The objectives for marketing and the long term goals of the company decide how the marketing mix has to be built and implemented (Zeybek, 2013). Not only from the point of view of the organization, the marketing mix of any company hugely depends on the structure of the target market as well as the different condition that affects market. The various internal along with external factors that have a direct interference with the market functioning, have crucial role in the strategy built up of marketing. Figure 1: The 4Ps of Marketing (Source: Yang et al. 2013) Marketing mix is comprised of four Ps, that segregates each of the factors, that has to be kept in mind for planning a perfect strategy for a product (Khan, 2011, pg-94). The application of the 4Ps varies from company to company. However, here the implementation of the mix by The perfume shop will be assessed. Product: the product offered by any company is not limited to only the tangibility. The product can be non-tangible as well, which we more precisely refer as a service (Vos, 2013). Any product can have three segmentation in it that is the core product, the second one is the actual product and the third segment is concludes with augmented product. The core product represents the thing that is bought by the consumer, where as the features of the products make the actual product. Augmented product makes the part that proves to beneficial to the consumers. The Perfume Shop provides tangible product, which contains the core product that the consumers are buying, the actual product is the brand value of The perfume shop, the quality that it offers and augmented product is the after sales service by the company. Price: The price of a product is the main deciding factor of profits that the company will make. Pricing effects the complete process of distribution as it is directly linked to the supply and demand of the product. High price of any product has to face consumer switching to other brands, however value for money concept is not applied in all product category. The pricing strategy applied for any particular product depends on lots of factors including the internal and Among the various modes of pricing The perfume shop applies price skimming method, as the price of the product is set high. Price skimming involves high pricing of the product and lowering the cost later as per the market circumstances and requirement (Siddiqi, 2013). Place: the place of the product here indicates that where and how the product is going to be available for the customers. The perfume shop plans to expand in India via joint ventures with the Westside. It is one of the premium retail brands in India, which has separate sections for the variety of merchandise. Distribution of the product will be done by the Westside itself. An intensive distribution strategy by TATA will help in better availability of product throughout the country. Apart from this Myntra is the online shopping partner of The perfume shop which will enable online availability of the product. Promotion: promotion of the brand will help in building a high value presence through advertisement campaigning via television, social media, newspapers, radio, and posters (Sheth, 2011). Another strategy is sponsoring sports teams like Mumbai Indians in IPL matches through logo, sponsoring Bollywood and fashion shows by top Indian designers. Application software development for customers for anytime access and utilization of TPS card will directly approach the customers. 5.2 SWOT analysis The SWOT analysis by The perfume shop will give an insight of the marketing environment of India, and what are the situations that are favorable or unfavorable for the expansion by The perfume shop (Miller and Mills, 2012). The analysis explains the strengths of the brand which it can use for establishing feet hold in India, the opportunities include the economic, political, social environment factors which would prove beneficial for The perfume shop. Weakness indicates towards the areas which are to be concentrated on for avoiding any hindrances in the expansion by the company. And threats are the possible hindrances in India that the company has to be aware about and can cause negative impact in the establishment. This portfolio building strategy helps in the internal environment analysis and also gives an over view of the external business environment (Schertler and Tykvov, 2011). Figure 3: SWOT analysis of The perfume shop (Source: Melnyk et al. 2012) 5.3 Internationalization process by The Perfume Shop: Internationalization is practices by the companies for making its products or services adaptable to the conditions and population of the respective countries (Lee and Carter, 2011). There are many types of internationalization process followed by companies worldwide. These include: Export-based internationalisation Non-equity based internationalization Equity-based internationalisation However, The perfume shop follows the Equity based internationalization method. Joint venture is a kind of a equity based strategy. Following the strategy will give relief to The perfume shop for bearing the cost and risk of loss in a foreign market. The venture firm is responsible for taking the risks and the costs. In this case the Westside chosen by The perfume shop for that particular market, receives all kind of support, promotion and marketing from the company itself for building a better product experience for the consumers. The global recognition of The perfume shop has made it a dependable brand for the companies getting into ventures. However, this internationalization method tends to build the presence of the company more global, which in turn contributes to development of the brand globally (Jolivot, 2008). The preference to equity system results in much more cheaper expansion in context of overseas, as the companies in the joint ventures are suppose to be more familiar w ith the culture of the respective country. Foreign joint ventures have lots in common with the licensing strategy, though the major difference is that in a joint venture, The perfume shop has an equity position and a management voice in the Indian firm, which is Westside here, the retail arm of TATA. The partnership in between the host and home country firm will be formed. This agreement will give a control over the operations and access to local market knowledge to The perfume shop. It will have access to the relationship networks and is very minimally exposed to risk expropriations. But, along with the advantages there is certain negative perspective of the internationalization process. The formation of ventures can give a cost cutting advantage to the perfume shop but the control over the quality of the product will not be there (Johanson, 2012). The quality factor may vary from country to country. Apart from this it does not allow the transfers of profit from one country to raise the profit of other country. Other common issue can be a tiff within the organizations, which The perfume shop might have to be alert about. 5.4 The GMS model According to Granleese (2014), for looking into the global marketing strategy of a firm from all the possible directions and angles three dimensions should be taken into consideration. The GMS model explains the extent to which the firm globalizes its marketing strategies in various nations through the standardizing variables of marketing mix, concentrating and coordinating the activities of marketing and integrating competitive moves across the global markets. The global marketing strategy is not only beneficial financially but also strategically. Figure 4: The GMS model (Source: Eckman et al.2015) In view of Chikweche (2013), the standardization perspective follows the basic logic of scaling economies, including low-cost and simplification ultimately leading to the efficiency, consistency, and idea transfer of the firm, whereas configuration-coordination perspective gives comparative advantage, interdependency and specialization which leads to efficiency and synergies as well. Integration perspective have got the basic logic of cross subsidization along with competitive dislocation and rationalization which increases the effectiveness in the competition and give competitive leverage over other products in the global market (Styles and Wilkinson, 2012). 6.0 Expansion Strategies in India The perfume shop is implementing various strategies for entering India and getting established in the market. First strategy is partnership with Indian global company and secondly establishing a brand presence with high value. the joint venture strategy will provide the perfume shop with opportunity to gain new capacity and expertise and allows the company to enter the related businesses as well as the new geographic areas and learn new developments in technology (Budde-Sung, 2011). Joint venture will give the company access to more and more resources, which includes workforce in the form of specialized staff and technology. The risk factor will get shared with the venture partner, which is Westside. This joint venture can be flexible as well, if it includes limitation in the life span and coverage of the part done by the company, which limits the degree of commitment and the exposure of business, offering an innovative way of exiting from the non-core businesses. Company can gradual ly separate the business from the rest of the organization and eventually also sell it to the other company involved in the joint venture (Cavusgil and Cavusgil, 2012). The business expansion by The perfume shop will reap huge benefits for the company. The company will have an expanded customer base, which will raise huge financial benefits for the firm. Expansion gives access to larger talent pool as it will give greater access to qualified professionals, skilled workforce. The technological advancements and updates is easily accessible as well. Creating a brand presence will add value to the product, giving it an edge in the global competitive market. As said by Casillas and Acedo, 2013), brand awareness is indirectly related to the raising of return on investment as the ultimate motive of profit maximization will be achieved by the company. 7.0 Analysis of the study Indian retail industry is developing in a full pace with the entry of numerous international luxury brands. Statistically India has been ranked as the most brand conscious country after Hong Kong and Paris. Indias total retail market is estimated to be $160 billion which covers more than 8 million consumers. Among them more than 50% of the consumers prefer to shop from the luxury brand segment of the retail outlet. Westside is one of the leading premium retail brands which have gained high consumer preference over the years. The perfume shop in association with Westside has huge scope of profitable expansion in India not only for the brand value of Westside but also due to the appropriate implementation of global marketing strategy (Arndt et al. 2012). The analysis of the business environment, both internal and external indicates towards the areas of concentration and the advantages that the company has got over the competitive brands. Joint venture with Myntra made the scope of merc handise availability and directly contact with the buyers. The favorable market situation in India calls for market entries by foreign companies and invest in its luxury goods market. With the current situation, the retail industry seems to develop rapidly which might indicate, that switching to a franchising system would not be a bad approach. 8.0 Recommendations Networking for trusted resources is important, which involves the main objective of creating brand awareness.Socializing site and websites known to population are more dependable modes of networking in the global market Overcoming the language and cultural barriers is very crucial, as business cannot be run in absence of good communication flow. India offers a variety in languages and cultures; however the majority of the population is aware of the globally spoken language English A robust risk management strategy should be implemented for a more diverse international footprint and greater autonomy. A robust risk system will provide early warning of problems on the periphery of the company, which will give more time for reaction. Gradually the transition should be made from investment to profitability by The perfume shop. This can be achieved by focusing on the process, considering the derived economy of scale and detailed tax planning The internal environment of the organization plays a vital role in making a successful establishment. The internal working and operation will decide the efficiency in the performance of The perfume shop in the initial phases of setting up and will continue till the company operates in India. The perfume shop should choose very carefully the strategies which they already have and among them what all can be applied in the new country. Analyzing the external environment of business well will give a clear view on the various factors that might affect the business or will help in better brand awareness in India. The perfume shop should rethink its organizational design for getting a superior local autonomy. Leveraging the global resources will enhance the required expertise for making the venture a success 9.0 Conclusion The study gives me a clear understanding of the various international marketing concepts and strategies. The expansion by The perfume shop in India demands many strategic approaches which would beneficial in creating foothold by the company. The report enhances my knowledge on the concept of joint ventures and the reason of this strategy being chosen by majority of the luxury brands while investing in the Indian retail industry. I have understood the importance of creating a brand image and increasing brand image in the target global market and how it is connected to financial and strategic benefit of The perfume shop. The internationalization process by the firm elaborates the various other ways of expansion in host countries. Due to the study I also got an insight of the Indian retail industry and luxury consumer product users. The statistical data clearly indicates that the decision by The perfume shop to expand in India will give it huge opportunities and benefits. References Arndt, C., Buch, C. and Mattes, A. (2012). Disentangling barriers to internationalization. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique, 45(1), pp.41-63. Budde-Sung, A. (2011). The increasing internationalization of the international business classroom: Cultural and generational considerations. Business Horizons, 54(4), pp.365-373. Casillas, J. C., and Acedo, F. J. (2013). Speed in the internationalization process of the firm.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(1), 15-29. Cavusgil, S. T., and Cavusgil, E. (2012). Reflections on international marketing: destructive regeneration and multinational firms.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(2), 202-217. Styles, C., and Wilkinson, I. F. (2012). An opportunity-based view of rapid internationalization.Journal of International Marketing,20(1), 74-102. Chikweche, T. (2013). Revisiting the Business Environment at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP)From Theoretical Considerations to Practical Realities. Journal of Global Marketing, 26(5), pp.239-257. Doyle, C. (2011). A dictionary of marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Eckman, M., Sakarya, S., Hyllegard, K., Borja, M. A. G., and Descals, A. M. (2015). Consumer receptiveness to international retail expansion: a cross-cultural study of perceptions of social and economic influence of foreign retailers.The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, (ahead-of-print), 1-16. Granleese, J. (2014, June). Cross-Cultural Differences in European and Asian Men and Womens Consumption of Fragrance. InThe International Management Development Associations 23rd Annual World Business Congress Proceedings(pp. 323-328). Johanson, J. (2012). International Marketing and Internationalization ProcessesA Network Approach Jan Johanson and Lars GunnarMattsson University of Uppsala and Stockholm School of Economics.Research in International Marketing (RLE International Business), 234. Jolivot, A. (2008). Marketing international. Paris: Dunod. Lee, K., and Carter, S. (2011). Global marketing management.Strategic Direction,27(1). Melnyk, V., Klein, K., and Vlckner, F. (2012). The double-edged sword of foreign brand names for companies from emerging countries.Journal of Marketing,76(6), 21-37. Miller, K. W., and Mills, M. K. (2012). Probing brand luxury: A multiple lens approach.Journal of Brand Management,20(1), 41-51. Schertler, A. and Tykvov, T. (2011). Venture capital and internationalization. International Business Review, 20(4), pp.423-439. Sheth, J (2011). Wiley international encyclopedia of marketing. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley. Siddiqi, M. (2013). Work engagement as a reaction to work environment and customer outcome: a service marketing perspective. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science, 24(1), pp.21-38. Timmor, Y. and Zif, J. (2005). A Typology of Marketing Strategies for Export. Journal of Global Marketing, 18(3-4), pp.37-78. Vos, L. (2013). Improving International Marketing Programs to Reflect Global Complexity and Risk: Curriculum Drivers and Constraints. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 24(2), pp.81-106. Yang, Z., Su, C., and Fam, K. S. (2012). Dealing with institutional distances in international marketing channels: Governance strategies that engender legitimacy and efficiency.Journal of Marketing,76(3), 41-55. Zeybek, I. (2013). LOCALITY TRANSMISSION OF GLOBAL LUXURY BRANDS: CHANEL NO:5 PERFUME COMMERCIAL AND INTERCULTURALITY. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication, 3(4), pp.12-19. Fafai.org, (2015). FAFAI Fragrance Flavour Association of India. [online] Available at: https://www.fafai.org/publications.php [Accessed 5 May 2015]. Ibef.org, (2015). Retail Industry in India, Retail Sector In India, Indian Retail Industry. [online] Available at: https://www.ibef.org/industry/retail-india.aspx [Accessed 5 May 2015]. Limited, F. (2015). Perfume Fragrances Online - The Perfume Shop. [online] Theperfumeshop.com. Available at: https://www.theperfumeshop.com [Accessed 5 May 2015].